More Bone in Your Tone: The Consequences of Laryngeal Ossification

Mastering vocal technique involves accessing and training the individual parts of your anatomy that govern breathing, phonation, articulation and resonance, as well as coordinating them so that they respond collectively to your communicative and musical impulses. A big part of this involves uncovering areas of resistance and learning to resolve them rather than compensating for or overriding them with breath pressure. 

 

Exposing and alleviating the resistance in your voice is the trickiest part of a voice teacher’s job. You want to produce a powerful sound, rich in vibrancy, resonance and flexibility, and you want to sing in tune. As a result, you are likely to reflexively compensate for any resistance that would result in a straight tone, poor tone quality, or inaccurate intonation. You do this not because you consciously want to hide it (to do so would be counterproductive, as you want your teacher to be aware of your problems so they can help you fix them), but because it’s so viscerally instinctive to do everything you can to ensure that you’re making a good sound.

 

Unfortunately, there are a lot of bad ways to make a good sound. 

 

This is among the reasons why it is vital to expose and alleviate resistance in the voice. While you’re young, you may be able to get through a few arias or even an entire role without sensing any debilitating fatigue even if there is a significant amount of tension in your technique. However, as your voice matures it eventually becomes impossible to compensate for resistance and poor coordination. 

 

Movement of the laryngeal cartilages at the cricothyroid joint

“The thyroid, cricoid, and greater part of the arytenoid cartilages consist of hyaline cartilage that undergoes calcification and ossification as part of the aging process,” Muralidhar Mupparapu and Anitha Vuppalapati reported in their 2005 study “Ossification of Laryngeal Cartilages on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs”. Calcification normally begins at around age 18; the cartilages usually begin to noticeably ossify (become bone) in your late 20s or early 30s, making the voice less forgiving of technical issues that had earlier seemed invisible or at least like no big deal. In Dynamics of the Singing Voice, Meribeth Dayme observes that ossification results in the laryngeal cartilages “losing elasticity as a person ages. In addition, the lubricating joint fluid becomes more viscous (thicker) with age and affects the ease of movements of the joints. Therefore, the age at which these changes occur can have a direct bearing on a singer’s muscular responsiveness, quality of voice and vocal agility in florid passages.”

 

The impact of laryngeal ossification on the singing voice remains to be studied in greater detail, but in my opinion the implications of physical maturation for vocal responsiveness, quality and agility are, on the whole, positive - provided your singing technique is free of resistance. Voice scientist Ingo Titze points out that “certain age-related deteriorations may actually be beneficial to the larynx as a sound-producing instrument… We might speculate that a partially ossified laryngeal framework can better support the tension of the vocal folds because bone tends to deform less than cartilage under the same stress. Comparing the vocal folds to vibrating strings, it seems important to maintain rigid endpoints for tissue fibers to vibrate in simple predictable modes.”

 

In layman’s terms: Until your late 20s or early 30s, your laryngeal cartilages are soft and pliant enough that you may be able to manipulate and push on them and still sound spectacular. As they ossify, they will begin to provide the stability you need for bigger, more dramatic repertoire, but they will also expose any flaws in your technique. 

 

In colloquial terms: The timing for this really sucks. At the precise moment your graduate or young artist program launches you upon the professional operatic scene, technical issues may surface for which you are wholly unprepared. 

 

I believe this is among the reasons we often see young, promising singers win major international competitions or make important debuts, only to vanish from the scene altogether or take an extended leave for vocal rest and retraining. Competition panels delight in discovering and rewarding young talent. Artist managers and opera companies like to see singers begin building career momentum as soon as their formal training is complete. But while people in the industry are generally aware that young voices must fully mature before undertaking bigger, more dramatic repertoire, they do not realize that youthful pliability can mask issues that could derail that momentum just when these singers hope to start handling heavier material. 

 

I don’t say this to instill in you the paranoia that your voice will suddenly develop major technical issues without warning as your instrument matures, but rather to raise awareness of this phenomenon, provide strategies for developing a resistance-free technique that will carry you comfortably through these physical changes, and show you how to recognize the symptoms of a maturing voice that needs retraining. 

 

 

Keep Tension Out of Your Technique

 

If you’re an undergraduate or graduate voice major, chances are you can produce a pretty good sound. It’s important to remember that a good sound is not synonymous with a tension-free sound. 

 

While in school, you’re under tremendous pressure to produce a beautiful, powerful sound at all times in order to snag leading roles, sail through your juries, and impress your teachers and peers. It takes courage, perseverance, and the support of a sensible and skilled voice teacher to do the hard work of exposing areas of resistance in your technique and resolving them, especially if it promises to be a time-consuming process that could preempt a coveted performance opportunity. Here are some things you can troubleshoot to avoid building extra tension and effort into your technique. 

 

Overactive Abs

Monitor your rectus abdominis, or “six-pack”, for involuntary, abrupt movements. Singers often mistake this muscle’s activity for the work of the diaphragm, but the diaphragm is only active on inhalation.

The role of the abdominal muscles - specifically, the rectus abdominis - in vocal technique varies from teacher to teacher (in my own teaching I advocate keeping this area as relaxed as possible when singing). Whether or not you deliberately engage your abs as part of your singing technique, make sure that whatever you do with them is sustained and consistent. Involuntary, abrupt abdominal activity indicates that you’re overriding resistance with breath pressure in order to continue singing. It could be tongue tension, inadequate resonance space, over-adduction of your vocal folds, or any number of other things. Monitoring involuntary activity in your abs is a great way to troubleshoot for issues like these. Once observed, it may take you some time to locate the source of resistance, but taking the time to do this will provide an opportunity to resolve it, easing vocal production and eliminating the extra effort your abs were supplying.

 

A Bag-of-Tricks Technique

Vocal technical “tricks” designed for use only on particular pitches or vowels are compensations for underlying tensions. You need a consistent, comprehensive singing technique coordinated to respond to your creative ideas in real time, not one that requires you to monitor and manipulate your voice for the sake of consistent vibrancy, resonance and intonation. Be wary when someone recommends specific, mechanistic adjustments designed to keep your singing “free”, your pitches in tune or your vowels in alignment. Baring your incisors, lifting your cheeks, or looking down on high notes may indeed patch up inconsistencies in your vocal production, but they are all compensations for issues that need to be addressed at a more fundamental level. 

 

Creating a Sensation

Healthy singing depends on your ability to be continuously present with the process of creating your sound rather than listening to and assessing it. Your sound is the product of your singing, and so are the sensations that attend it. It is unwise to rely on physical sensations to gauge how well you’re singing. Your body changes incrementally from moment to moment and day to day, so the information those sensations provide you, as well as their context, is in perpetual flux. These incremental changes are due not only to maturation but also in response to all your life experiences. You play a different instrument every day and must learn to interpret the signals it sends you afresh every day. Notice these sensations, but judge your singing in terms of how well you engage your intention to create it rather than the sensations and sounds that result from this engagement.

 

 

Tell-Tale Signs that You Need to Retrain

 

Suppose you’re in your late 20s or early 30s and have built career momentum. Your technique has been rock-solid for several years, but you suddenly experience some strange new difficulties even though you have continued to practice and prepare the same as always. You may attribute these problems to a rigorous performance schedule, adapting to a new environment, or lack of access to your usual support team, but they may be signs that your laryngeal cartilages have begun to harden and that you had better spend some time focusing on your technique. Here are several problems that may be attributable to vocal maturation.  

 

The Shaking Jaw

The hyoglossus (base of the tongue) originates in the hyoid bone. Depressing the hyoglossus creates downward pressure on the entire larynx.

Your jaw begins to shake in tandem with your vibrato. While this is a common enough technical flaw among the untrained, it is deeply disconcerting for a singer for whom it was never a problem before - they can’t imagine why this is happening to them all of a sudden. Contrary to what you might imagine, the shaking jaw is usually symptomatic of tongue tension, not jaw tension. The hyoglossus retracts and depresses the tongue, either chronically or on certain vowels, creating downward pressure on the entire larynx and compromising its ability to move freely. Now that the laryngeal cartilages have become less pliable, the breath pressure needed to override the resistance this creates causes the larynx itself to shake along with the vibrato, taking the tongue and jaw along for the ride. 

 

Running Out of Steam

You can no longer make it all the way through long sustained phrases that used to be a breeze. The new hardness of your laryngeal cartilages now exacerbates the resistance that was lurking undetected in your technique all along, and singing now requires greater breath pressure to override it all. The breath that used to be available to sustain those long phrases is now being used to set a recalcitrant larynx in motion and you run out of breath sooner than you have come to expect. 

 

Reduced Range

Your highest or lowest notes become strident, muffled, or vanish altogether. In order to tune your vocal folds to a desired pitch, your laryngeal cartilages need to tilt into a position such that the vocal folds stretch or relax to the proper length without anything impinging on them, while you simultaneously access ideal resonance space. While they are still pliable, it may be possible to access the extremes of your range by elevating, depressing, or otherwise manipulating your laryngeal cartilages rather than allowing them to tilt freely. For example, in the absence of this mobility you may still be able to produce high notes by opening the jaw as wide as possible and spreading the lips sideways. When the voice matures, however, this approach will cause those pitches to become strained, strident or inaccessible. 

 

 

The Dreaded Wobble

A resistance-free voice will respond easily when you release your breath, whereas a great deal of breath pressure may be required to get the whole mechanism moving when there is a great deal of tension. As a result, your vibrato reflects not the subtle pitch fluctuations in your vocal folds but the greater, slower pitch variations produced when your entire larynx alternately resists and succumbs to excessive breath pressure.

 

Problems like these can surface mid-career due to reasons other than a maturing larynx, but whatever their origin they are clear signs that you need to seek support for your technique. 

 

 

A naturally beautiful voice coupled with passionate musicianship may gain you admission to top training programs and win you competitions, but technical skill is essential for sustaining a career. Be vigilant about banishing resistance from your technique while your voice is still young and supple, and be mindful of the issues that can surface as your voice matures.  

 

If you are disciplined about attending to your technique, this process of maturation can yield greater laryngeal stability, confer upon you the stamina and power to take on longer and more dramatic roles and usher in the best years of your career. 

 

 

Tension in your technique? Visit my Appointment Quest site to schedule an assessment and I'll help you get to work on resolving it. 

 

 

This article first appeared in the June 2014 online issue of Classical Singer magazine. 

Comments

[Skydivingforpearls.wordpress.com]

Brilliant article - thanks for sharing!

[David Eickstaedt]

Hi Claudia

I have read Eugene Feuchtinger's book where he claims he has discovered an amazing technique involving the hyoglossus muscle. THere is a website, perfect-voice.com which has a short video which shows the "proper singing movements' of the tongue, involving the lowering of the base of the tongue. I take it from your comment on the hyoglossus above that you do not agree with Feuchtinger's 'discovery'......is is possible to lightly engage this hyoglossus and not bear down on the larynx?

Thanks,

David

[Claudia Friedlander]

Hi David,

I had a look at the video you're referring to. Feughtinger recommends a "grooved" position of the tongue, so he would seem to be advocating for engaging the hyoglossus as well as tensing up the other components of the tongue that create this deep groove; in the video I think he is also advocating for singing with a lowered soft palate/uvula.

These days most vocologists and vocal pedagogues are in agreement that the ideal position for the tongue is usually in an appropriately arched position, with no retraction/depression of the hyoglossus; there is also wide, albeit not universal, agreement that for classical singing, the soft palate should sustain a raised position closing off the nasal port except when the demands of articulation require that it be otherwise.

Creating a deep groove in the tongue and dropping the soft palate is one means of shaping the resonance space. If Feuchtinger and his disciples are able to elicit great results from their students with this approach to articulation and resonance, then clearly it works for them. However, I do not find this is the most effective way to shape resonance - it runs counter to the way I approach articulation and resonance in my own teaching of technique.

I can see no advantage to lightly engaging the hyoglossus. Doing so will necessarily create some degree of downward pressure on the larynx, because the hyoglossus originates in the hyoid bone, from which the larynx is suspended. But I also don't think you can evaluate the effectiveness of doing this outside the greater context of what Feuchtinger proposes.

I will say, however, that I find it seriously off-putting when a method lays claim to "superiority" and "perfection" the way this web site does! They say, "We are the only course in the world to go into such intense detail to explain how the voice is produced and how it is possible to correct it and develop it." You can't imagine that someone like me to take such language seriously. There is plenty of bad instruction out there, but there are also dedicated teachers conducting valid research and training outstanding singers who would never make such outlandish claims! I realize that you are asking my opinion about Feughtinger's ideas rather than promoting this web site, but wow!

So, in short, what Feughtinger is advocating is a specific technique for developing resonance and articulation. I wouldn't go so far as to call it a "discovery," though, because it is not the *only* way to develop resonance and articulation, and strong arguments (also based on anatomy and physiology) can be made in favor of others.

best,
Claudia